By: The Scribe on Sunday, September 9, 2007
Shocking archaeologists and historians around the world, it was in August 2007 that an undisturbed Etruscan tomb was found was completely intact, full of human remains and stunning personal possessions of about 30 people. The tomb was located in the woods near Tuscany, about 70 miles south of Florence.
The tomb consists of a 2 meter long stone chamber, buried in the ground inside the nearby woods and containing at least 30 jars of human ash – consistent with the Etruscan tradition of cremation instead of full body burials. Three of the burial urns were made of stone, two were bronze, and the last 25 were made of a reddish ceramic known as terracotta. A likely explanation for the amount of people buried here is that they were all members of the same family, and the smaller burial urns probably contain the ashes of their servants.
Archaeologists are at a loss to understand how, in the whole of 2,200 years, no one managed to find and break into this tomb and steal the artifacts. As a result, everything the people were buried with was still there: bronze coins, rings, several bronze mirrors, some small terracotta plates, and a stunning black stone amulet.
The Etruscan people existed in the area before the Roman empire began to conquer their territories and eventually eradiated them, and this tomb would have dated back to around the same time as the period when Etruscan settlements in the region were being taken over by the Romans. At this time in history, the Etruscan cities had already been demolished and claimed for Rome, which meant that only those people who dwelt in the countryside still held onto the culture’s traditional practices and rituals.
As a result, the intact tomb found here represents one of the last vestiges of the Etruscan people before they completely disappeared – something which is very valuable in helping to understand their ancient culture and lifestyle. Since this tomb was found undisturbed, it is now thought highly likely that there are more tombs buried in the woods across the Tuscan countryside… who knows what else may appear here in the future?
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Tomorrow: Viking Elf Blot!
By: The Scribe on Saturday, September 8, 2007
In the end, Mary Baker/Wilcox was one of the most successful individuals to ever fool an entire class of people – in this case, the whole British upper crust. While it is absolutely incredible that she was able to maintain the hoax for such a long time, one of the leading theories on how she did it centers around the fact that people believed she could not read or understand English. Once people had that idea in their heads, they spoke openly and freely around her, probably providing her with most of the information she used and needed when eventually having ‘conversations’.
Of course, it would have certainly helped that people showed her books that described exotic locales and languages, thinking that she could not read, which only fueled her highly accurate and believable descriptions of faraway lands. Thus, as Mary continued to store up information from visitors to Knole Park – especially those who wanted to show off their knowledge and refined behaviors to this exotic princess – her own behavior became more convincing as she merely catered to other people’s expectations, unbeknownst to them.
It also probably helped that Mrs. Worrall seemed to desperately want to believe she was a foreign princess, and the presence of Princess Caraboo would have helped to fulfill a common desire and fascination for foreign lands that was prevalent in UK high society during this period. Foreign countries had a romantic appeal, and Mary’s performance hit right at the heart of it.
While it is entirely possible that Mary actually did spend some time with gypsies – after all, she had managed to integrate many of their words and phrases into her own language – it seems that she was simply a natural for improvisational acting, and developed the majority of her character on the spot at Knole Park. The clinching piece of the whole scheme also seems to hang on the appearance of Manuel Eynesso, who was able to ‘translate’ her foreign language – who he was, or why he worked with Mary to secure her position as Princess Caraboo will likely never be known, but his appearance and role in the drama seems to have sprung from her earlier experience when she met the ‘Spanish expert’ on the road to Clifton…
Although many details of Mary’s life still remain a mystery, her legacy endures as a young, country heroine who made a name for herself by deceiving the naïve, rich upper class of Britain. In 1994, a film studio made a movie based on her life, and in 2006, a blue plaque was placed at Number 11, Princess Street in Bristol, where Mary lived for the final eleven years of her life.
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Tomorrow: More Ancient Standard
By: The Scribe on Friday, September 7, 2007
At the workhouse, Mary was persuaded to turn the child over to the Foundling Hospital. In order to do so, she was required to give up personal facts and details – all of which are still on record in the hospital archives – to explain why she could not support the child. What she told the hospital was probably as close to the truth as she had ever revealed: her name was given as Mary Wilcox, unmarried, 25 years old, and the father had been a bricklayer named John Baker who had deserted her after they walked to London together.
For the next several months Mary worked for a family near the hospital, visiting her son every week until he died in October of 1816. He was only about 9 months old. Mary didn’t tell the people she was working for that the child had been in hospital, instead choosing to explain he had died at Mary’s mother’s house. Regardless, the Starling family thought she was an excellent servant, albeit somewhat ‘out of her mind’ – apparently her eccentric behavior manifested itself in terrifying stories about gypsies, which she told to the children each night.
Oddly enough, Mary was eventually fired for the reason that she had set fire to the beds! So, she returned to Devon with money she had saved, and told her parents that her baby was dead and she was going to sail for the East Indies. Ten days later, she sent a trunk with her belongings ahead and departed for Bristol, where she planned to leave on her voyage. However, instead of heading to Bristol, she ended up begging toward Plymouth and – according to Mary herself – stayed for awhile with some gypsies. Finally, in March of 1817, she made it to Bristol.
As she looked for a ship heading to Philadelphia, Mary found that she could leave on one in 15 days if she could only raise the passage money of five guineas. She was able to find lodging in a house run by a woman named Mrs. Neale, where she also made friends with a young Jewish girl. Apparently, Mary and her new friend Eleanor went begging together each day, and on one occasion, Eleanor convinced Mary to make a turban out of her black shawl to “make her look more interesting” – after all, French lace-makers were receiving more interest from people because of their high lace headwear.
Mary kept up her farce as a ‘French beggar’ for awhile, but eventually restlessness set in again, and she left Bristol, UK. She frequently used her own made-up language to entertain people or convince them to give her more money, which worked wonderfully until she inevitably met someone who actually spoke French. Quickly improvising, Mary claimed that she was Spanish… and it was around this time that she met the wheelwright’s son who would eventually give the second testimony against her disguise as Princess Caraboo.
Speaking to the wheelwright’s son and many others in her strange language, Mary found that people were eager to assist her and would offer her food and drink for free. At the pub where she met the wheelwright’s son, she refused most of what she was offered, and eventually managed to escape the attention by heading up the road toward Clifton – wheelwright’s son in tow. As they traveled, they met two men, one who claimed to speak perfect Spanish… forcing Mary to talk to him in her ‘language’. Amazingly, the man said he understood it as Spanish, ‘translating’ her words as saying that her parents were behind her on the road, following along. This, of course, gave Mary an understanding in how to use people’s ‘expertise’ to her own advantage.
Tired and bored of the wheelwright’s son, they had a final dinner together when he purchased steak and tea for himself and Mary, and subsequently Mary managed to lose him in the crowds along the quay in Bristol. She stayed in a local lodging house that night, and the next morning, began her journey toward Gloucester – and international fame as Princess Caraboo.
So, how did she actually pull the whole thing off?
…to be continued…
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Tomorrow: The conclusion of the story!
By: The Scribe on Thursday, September 6, 2007
In April 1812, Mary suddenly left the Matthews family, where she had been nanny to the children. She was away for four days – then came back – then left again after an argument. Apparently, she had often told the Matthews family that she would like to live like a wild person in the woods, but in this case, she simply wanted to go abroad. She was somehow able to persuade a friend to write her parents to say she’d “left England with a traveling family”, however instead she applied to the Magdalen Hospital for Reformed Prostitutes under the false name of Ann Burgess – in fact, Burgess was her own mother’s maiden name.
While researching for his book, Mary told Gutch that she had only applied at Magdalen because she had mistaken the place for a nunnery, though this was obviously a lie, since she had told the Magdalen admissions committee an entirely different story: she claimed to have been seduced by a gentleman who’d stayed at a house in Devon where she had worked, and he had taken her to London, only to abandon her after month. She said that after this, she’d started leading a ‘loose life’ – and so the committee at Magdalen admitted her to work as a housemaid.
Only a few weeks later, for some unknown reason, Mary admitted that she had never been a prostitute and that she had given them a false name simply because she needed a place to stay. Although questioned about her family’s whereabouts, Mary continued to lie, saying that her father was dead and that any more talk of her family would cause her to hang herself. They allowed her to stay, and there are records from Magdalen Hospital that confirm Mary was well-behaved – if not rather eccentric and prone to bouts of depression and restlessness – for the duration of her time there. She left the hospital only a few months later.
According to Mary, she went back home after her time in the hospital, disguising herself as a man to avoid the dangers of traveling as a lone woman. She also claims to have been kidnapped along the way, revealed as a woman, and eventually released after begging for her life, but this part of the story may have been simply a figment of her own imagination. It wasn’t until August 1813 that Mary finally arrived home, where her mother was able to find her a job working as a tanner just a few miles from the village.
After three months, Mary left the job after complaining about having to carry the animal hides – and so, after several other failed jobs, she headed back to London, where she began working for a fishmonger. She claimed that during the spring of 1814, while working here, she had a whirlwind love affair with a man named Baker, marrying him after only two months. They apparently lived together near Hastings, but after he sailed off to Calais and promised to return and take her to France with him, she never heard from him again.
Whether this part of the story was true or not is also up for debate, however there is no doubt that Mary was pregnant when she returned to London in 1816. Somehow, Mary managed to weasel herself into a job working at a pub, where she changed her name to Hannah and gained a bit of a reputation for telling highly bizarre stories. The baby was born later that year, but since Mary had no husband to support herself and the child financially, the two of them were shipped off to St. Mary’s Workhouse.
Mary was now alone and penniless with a newborn baby…
…to be continued…
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Tomorrow: Part 6 of course!
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