Archive for October, 2007
By: The Scribe on October, 2007
Chachapoyas Material Culture
Although the Chachapoyas never reached the same level of technology in their material culture as other Peruvian cultures like the Moche or Nazca, they created simple and functional pieces of art that reflected what was important to them. Remnants of textile fabrics have shown that the Cloud Warriors preferred to dye their clothes red, and in some cases, painted decorations of birds or people would be added to larger, more elaborate pieces.
Many small, ceramic pitchers were recovered with cordoned motifs, while interior walls of domestic and public buildings were frequently painted – one building even depicted a story, with each wall representing a different stage in a ritual dance where couples held hands.
Funerary tradition could be conducted in one of two ways: a burial might take place in a cave located at the highest point of a precipice, with the mummified body placed inside a vertical sarcophagus, or it might involve the construction of mausoleums that looked like miniature houses, located inside of caves along the side of a cliff.
The Rise and Fall of the Cloud Warriors
While the archaeological evidence suggests that there were people living in the Amazonian Andes as early as 200 AD, the Chachapoyas probably didn’t arrive until the 9th century. The neighboring Wari culture may have influenced the rapid development of the major urban centers of the Cloud Warriors, mainly for defense purposes – and even if the Chachapoyas developed out of the Wari culture, it is likely that they would have been a group who split away due to irreconcilable differences.
The Kuelap citadel was likely the Cloud Warriors’ first line of defense against invading tribes, but in the 15th century, the Chachapoyas found themselves unable to stave off the Incan Empire – and were conquered by the ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui! Although the might of the Inca quickly overpowered the Cloud Warriors, the people refused to go lightly – for decades afterward, the Inca found themselves troubled by rebellions and civil unrest. They attempted to quell the frequent rebellions by sending large groups of Chachapoyas into remote locations inside the empire… but as the Inca soon learned, this simply encouraged the Cloud Warriors to make more trouble.
When the Incan Empire inevitably broke out into civil war, the Chachapoyas were ready – they had formed an alliance with the Huascar, ruler of the southern capital, who warred against his brother Atahualpa of the northern capital, and many of them joined his army in hopes that winning would result in better treatment of their people. Unfortunately, the other side won – and many Chachapoyas were deported or executed for their alliance with the losing side.
However, this wasn’t the end for the Cloud Warriors – the Spanish colonialists had yet to arrive…
Want to read more?
Tomorrow: The conclusion!
By: The Scribe on October, 2007
The Chachapoyas people of ancient Peru, also known as the “Warriors of the Clouds”, was a culture belonging to the cloud forests of the Amazonas region. Although most of the information about these people is secondhand – since they didn’t develop a writing system of their own – there are many excavated archaeological sites that have yielded artifacts and architecture, which has assisted in the reconstruction of this group’s history.
The name ‘Chachapoyas’ was actually given to the group by the Inca, who conquered the Cloud Warriors in the 15th century – currently, no one knows what name the Chachapoyas used to refer to themselves. It is widely believed that the name ‘Chachapoyas’ is an Incan variant of the Quechua phrase ‘sacha puya’, which means ‘people of the clouds.’
The Origins of the Cloud Warriors
Second-hand accounts of the Chachapoyas by later Spanish conquistadors reveals that their skin was much lighter than that of other surrounding tribal groups, which may suggest that the culture did not originate in the Amazon region but that they were originally Andean. Their origins may also be revealed through their burial customs – such as burying their dead in anthropomorphic sarcophagi that wear wooden masks – which has also been seen in the Wari culture, a group whose civilization actually lasted four times longer than the Inca!
If they came from the Andes, the Chachapoyas probably expanded into the Amazonian area of the Andes for the purpose of expanding their agricultural territory, which is visible in land terracing spots throughout their known territory. As for what the land looked like, the Amazonian Andes is part of a tropical forest mountain range, and would have been covered in thick vegetation during the time of the Chachapoyas.
The architectural remains of the Cloud Warriors have shown that they preferred to live either on raised platforms built on sloped terraces, or inside of circular stone buildings, and often decorated the inside of their structures with symbolic images. They were also known to build monumental fortresses, such as the one found at Kuelap.
Want to read more?
Tomorrow: Part 2!
By: The Scribe on October, 2007
Edgar of Scotland – also known as Etgar mac Mail Choluim, or even Eadgar Margotsson – was the king of Scotland for 20 years, reigning between 1097 and 1107 AD. He originally claimed kingship in 1095, after his half-brother Donnchad mac Mail Choluim was conveniently murdered the year before by a supporter of Edgar’s uncle, Domnall Ban.
Donnchad had been reigning as the Scottish King, but he did not seem to gain much support from the people – and, when he didn’t choose his brother Domnall as heir (since the line of kingship at this time was appointed and not established by blood), family tensions rose to an extreme… namely, Domnall killed Donnchad because he thought it just wasn’t fair!
Unfortunately for Donnchad, Edgar had the presence of mind to seize the throne for himself, and was supported in his claims by two additional brothers – and although another brother named Edmund showed up on scene to support Domnall, the result was three against two, as it were. Edgar also had some limited support from the King of England, William Rufus, and it was in 1097 that Rufus sent Edgar enough military support to defeat Domnall once and for all.
With Domnall and Edmund out of the way, Edgar was able to continue his reign uncontested as the King of Scots. Nothing major happened during this time, and when compared to the rather severe domestic squabbles that occurred to get him in power in the first place, his actual reign was rather quiet and obscure. Actually, that’s not quite true… at one point, he gave a camel (or maybe it was an elephant? …these medieval folk had trouble keeping their exotic animals straight…) to the High King of Ireland. But that’s about it.
At the very least, Edgar contributed to the incredible architecture of Scotland, building a priory in Coldingham around 1098, as well as making contributions to Dunfermline Abbey, where he was buried after his death. He died unmarried and childless, appointing one of his supportive brothers – Alexander – as successor. Fortunately, since the troublemaking brothers were out of the way, the transition was relatively smooth. His will also left an appanage for parts of Lothian and Cumbria – the last good deed of a king whose greatest struggle was a family feud.
If only all Medieval kings had been so lucky!
Want to read more?
Tomorrow: Chachapoyas Cloud Warriors
By: The Scribe on October, 2007
The first rice fields in China were swamped – literally! In fact, Chinese rice fields in the Neolithic period, around 7,700 years ago, were located in eastern China’s coastal wetlands – which is almost 2,000 years before anyone had previously believed rice farming in China even existed.
At the site of Kuahuqiao in China, it appears that inhabitants created wooden huts that were perched on stilts above the wetlands – which enabled the rice farmers to utilize natural resources such as fire and flooding to help manage and cultivate rice paddies. Fire would have been used to clear brush and scrub from the area, while flood-prevention methods were organized to prevent brackish, murky swamp water from leaking into the fields.
Flood control was likely managed through the use of earthen dikes called ‘bunds’, and it is possible that dung from humans and/or animals was used as fertilizer. Many of the varieties of rice found in the fields belonged to strains of wild rice, though the grains were much larger than what would typically be found in the wild – large grains almost always mean domestication.
The site has also yielded a dugout canoe from 8,000 years ago, plenty of tools made from wood and bamboo, dog and pig bones, and pottery that used wild rice as a bonding agent.
Why would people in this area begin to farm rice, if there was wild rice around for the taking? Evidence suggests that the climate in the area began to see increased temperatures, which would have acted as a prompt for cultural change. Farming rice would have been a natural, easy option for a stable food source, since warmer and wetter conditions are ideal for growing cereal plants.
The regular flooding of these coastal wetlands enabled the ancient Chinese of this area to begin China’s history of domesticated rice crops – however, rice farming probably evolved independently elsewhere in other parts of Asia, including parts of southern China and northeast India.
Want to read more?
Tomorrow: Edgar of Scotland
Previous page | Next page
